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NATURAE OBSERVATIO

SPITSBERGEN - Science Expeditions


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This monograph provides in-depth knowledge that can be used in various ways, inviting readers to explore it from different perspectives. It serves as a rare resource for specialised scientific readers while also offering a new overview of this Arctic world for those with a general interest in the subject – a world that very few have had the chance to visit. Suppose you prefer to use this volume as an archive to uncover new insights and rediscover forgotten knowledge. In that case, it provides a portfolio of extensive texts, illustrations, charts and unique foldouts designed to stimulate fresh thoughts. Each chapter includes newly written texts and illustrations, which can be easily searched through a comprehensive subject index.

Thus, this is both a book and a portfolio that spans vast geographical areas and different topics. Many participants have contributed to the content, each possessing specialised and extensive knowledge in their respective fields. To be part of this publication, you must have visited Spitsbergen and actively engaged in fieldwork related to the topics you write about. This ensures a combination of practical observations and theoretical concepts, embodying a true and classic scientific spirit.

The work has its roots in 1758, on a cold summer day along the rugged west coast of Spitsbergen, where the Arctic Ocean meets a lowland flanked by mountains, a group of sailors, hunters, and a naturalist from the whaling ship de Visser disembarked to gather eggs and down. In this group, 28-year-old Anton Rolandsson Martin participated in carrying out scientific observations in the Arctic landscape at sea and on land. He was one of the so-called Linnaeus Apostles, who, on behalf of the naturalist Carl Linnaeus and various scientific associations, documented natural and cultural history around the world.

In modern times, between 2016 and 2020, The IK Foundation and other organisations conducted six expeditions along the route described by Anton Rolandsson Martin in his Spitsbergen Journal. This project, called THE BRIDGE BUILDER EXPEDITIONS, focuses on bridging natural sciences across various subjects and entities, connecting the past, present, and future. It centred on the location where Rolandsson Martin landed in July 1758, along the western coast of Prince Charles Foreland, now Prins Karls Forland. For 12 months, an autonomous field station – the first of its kind – was established as FIELD STATION | NATURAE OBSERVATIO | MARTIN’S EYE, resulting in 2,074,053 observations over the landscape visited by Rolandsson Martin 260 years ago!

This publication features 250 hand-bound copies showcasing the latest scientific insights. It is beautifully designed with in-depth details, including text sections, maps, diagrams, pictures, artworks, timelines, and large fold-outs. More than a book, it is a mastery portfolio that inspires appreciation for a delicate, wild part of our Planet Earth.

Please find further information about the content and the writers below. This publication is probably the most comprehensive scientific work on this subject.

The Writer/s

This book is an international collective work with selected writers from leading institutions and organisations, specialising in Arctic Natural & Cultural History.


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Writers: Arne Ardeberg, Kristine Bakke Westergaard, Georg Bangjord, Måns Bergendal, Winfried Dallmann, Julian Dowdeswell, Ian Gjertz, Harald Gjøsæter, Jonas Hagström, Lars Hansen, Viveka Hansen, Ólafur Ingólfsson, Martin Jakobsson, Nina Kirchner, Jan Mangerud, Fridtjof Mehlum, Anders Moberg, Riko Noormets and Grace Shephard.
Institutions & Organisations: The IK Foundation, England & EU; Institute of Marine Research, Norway; Lund University, Sweden; Måns Bergendal Watercolours, Sweden; Norwegian Natural History Museum, Norway; The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Norway; Norwegian Polar Club, Norway; Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway; Norwegian University of Science & Technology, NTNU University Museum, Norway; Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, England; Stockholm University, Sweden; Swedish Natural History Museum, Sweden; The University of Bergen, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard, Svalbard; The University of Iceland, Iceland; The University of Oslo, Norway.
Language: English.
Series: Mundus Linnæi No VI (Monograph).
Format: 302 x 205 mm | 400 pages plus 46 pages of six large-sized, extended fold-outs.
Binding: Cloth bound volume, classically elegant sewn headband and two bookmarks. Hand-bound at the well-known bookbinder Majgren's in København, Denmark.
Additional information: Printed in only 250 uniquely numbered copies. The publication was designed, edited, printed, and bound in Europe (England, Scotland, Sweden, and Denmark).
Classifications: Archaeology, Arctic research, Art, Astronomy, Atlases & Maps, Bibliographies, Biography, Biology, Costume, Economics (History of), Environment, Exploration & Discovery, Fishing & Hunting, Geography (Spitsbergen & Global), Geology & Palaeontology, History, History of Science, International law, Maritime, Meteorology, Natural History, Oceanography, Photography, Science, Shipping & Ships, Technique & Instruments,Trade & Commerce, Transport and Travel History.
Editorial: Editor-in-chief: Lars Hansen | Editorial Secretary: Viveka Hansen | Subject Editors: (The Chronicle) Viveka Hansen, (The Area | The Earth & The Area | Water) Martin Jakobsson, (The Area | Organic) Fridtjof Mehlum, (The Area | The Sky) Arne Ardeberg, & (Naturae Observatio) Lars Hansen and (Bridges) Lars Hansen.
Editorial Board: Arne Ardeberg, Viveka Hansen & Lars Hansen.
Artwork | Design | Maps/Charts: Studio IK: Graham Scott, Adam Proctor, Jeff Snoxell et al.
Publication year: April 2025.
ISBN: 978-1-904145-36-3 (printed book) | ISSN 2397-7302 (iBOOK, digital version) | Legal copies via British Library.

 

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CONTENTS
IIntroduction
THE CHRONICLE
IIPrince Charles Foreland | Prins Karls Forland & Forlandsøyane | 16th Century to Present-day Voyages

Including:

PLATE I. Maps & Charts – Timeline

PLATE II. Visitors & Expeditions – Timeline
IIIA Linnaeus Apostle in the Arctic | Anton Rolandsson Martin

Including:

PLATE III. Meteorological Observations made on a Voyage to Spitsbergen in 1758
IVThe History of Nature Protection in Svalbard
THE AREA | THE EARTH
VThe Beginning
VISvalbard, through ice ages to the present-day warming
THE AREA | WATER
VIIOceanography, marine geology, cryosphere and climate of Svalbard
THE AREA | ORGANIC
VIIIMammals
IXBirds

Including:

PLATE IV: Bird Observers and Expeditions – Timeline
XFish
XIHigh-arctic plant and fungi life at Prins Karls Forland & Forlandsøyane
XIITerrestrial Invertebrates
THE AREA | THE SKY
XIIIDynamics of the Sky
XIVHistorical weather data
NATURAE OBSERVATIO
XVThe Field Station Martin’s Eye | Observing without disturbing

Including:

PLATE V: Panorama 360°
BRIDGES
XVIBridges | Bridge Builder Expeditions Spitsbergen | Voyages 2016-2020

Including:

PLATE VI: Bridge Builder Expeditions Spitsbergen Voyages I-V & Fieldwork 2016-2020
XVIIDestiny
Bibliography
Index
List of Illustrations
List of writers
Colophon




LIST OF WRITERS

ARNE ARDEBERG
(b. 1940), Professor Emeritus
Division of Astrophysics, Lund University, Sweden & The IK Foundation, England/EU

KRISTINE BAKKE WESTERGAARD
(b. 1979), Associate Professor
Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norway

GEORG BANGJORD
(b. 1962), Field Inspector
Norwegian Environment Agency, Norway

MÅNS BERGENDAL
(b. 1964), Artist & Ornithologist
Måns’ Watercolors, Sweden

WINFRIED K. DALLMANN
(b. 1956), Associate Professor
Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway

JULIAN DOWDESWELL
(b. 1957), Professor
Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, England

IAN GJERTZ
(b. 1952), Senior Advisor Biology
Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway

HARALD GJØSÆTER
(b. 1955), Senior Researcher
Institute of Marine Research, Norway

JONAS HAGSTRÖM
(b. 1959), Curator
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden

LARS HANSEN
(b. 1960), Head at The IK Foundation & Naturalist
The IK Foundation, England / EU

VIVEKA HANSEN
(b. 1962), Textile Historian & Researcher
The IK Foundation, England / EU

ÓLAFUR INGÓLFSSON
(b. 1953), Professor Emeritus
Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland

MARTIN JAKOBSSON
(b. 1966), Professor
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden

NINA KIRCHNER
(b. 1972), Professor
Department of Physical Geography at Stockholm University, Sweden

JAN MANGERUD
(b. 1937), Professor Emeritus
Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen & Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway

FRIDTJOF MEHLUM
(b. 1951), Senior Researcher
The Norwegian Natural History Museum & Norwegian Polar Club, Norway

ANDERS MOBERG
(b. 1961), Docent
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Sweden

RIKO NOORMETS
(b. 1967), Professor
Marine Geology and Geophysics, UNIS, The University Centre in Svalbard, Norway

GRACE SHEPHARD
(b. 1987), Research Scientist
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

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